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Imagined contact hypothesis
The imagined contact hypothesis is an extension of the contact hypothesis, a theoretical proposition centred on the psychology of prejudice and prejudice reduction. It was originally developed by Richard J. Crisp and Rhiannon N. Turner and proposes that the mental simulation, or imagining, of a positive social interaction with an outgroup member can lead to increased positive attitudes, greater desire for social contact, and improved group dynamics. Empirical evidence supporting the imagined contact hypothesis demonstrates its effectiveness at improving explicit and implicit attitudes towards and intergroup relations with a wide variety of () groups including religious minorities, the mentally ill, ethnic minorities, sexual minorities,〔 and obese individuals. Researchers have identified a number of factors that influence the effectiveness of the imagined contact hypothesis including vividness of the imagery 〔 and how typical the imagined outgroup individual is.〔 While some researchers question the effectiveness of the imagined contact hypothesis,〔 empirical evidence does suggest it is effective at improving attitudes towards outgroups.〔
==Theoretical Background==
The imagined contact hypothesis is derived from Gordon Allport's contact hypothesis, which states that contact between groups is an effective means of reducing prejudice and intergroup conflict.〔Allport, G. W. (1954). ''The Nature of Prejudice''. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books〕 In Allport's seminal work ''The Nature of Prejudice'' he suggested that contact at the "fantasy level"〔Allport, G. W. (1954). ''The Nature of Prejudice''. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books. p.453〕 may also be an effective means of reducing prejudice. Crisp and Turner cite Allport's work as a strong influence on their imagined contact hypothesis. In addition, the imagined contact hypothesis is linked to the extended contact hypothesis which states intergroup attitudes may be improved simply by learning that other ingroup members have outgroup friends.
The imagined contact hypothesis is also influenced by cognitive psychology, particularly work on mental imagery which suggesting that imagining scenarios can induce emotion and motivation similar to real-life and is important to directing goal related behavior. Research from stereotypes also indicates that imagining a counter-stereotypical person, such as an assertive woman, reduces activation of implicit stereotypes. This research all supports the core proposition of the imagined contact hypothesis, that imaging an interaction with an outgroup member can improve attitudes and behaviors towards the outgroup as a whole.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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